![]() This section is followed by information concerning the Midwest ISO's classifications of demand response parties.Tabular alumina is a re-crystalline sintered Alpha alumina with high density. Here the discussion examines the evolving Midwest ISO market structure including specific definitions, requirements, and necessary components to provide ancillary services. Chapter 3 is concerned with the independent system operator, the Midwest ISO. In this chapter, topics include: the motivation for Alcoa to provide demand response ancillary service definitions the basics behind aluminum smelting and a discussion of suggested ancillary services that would be particularly useful for Alcoa to supply. ![]() The second chapter contains the background. The first chapter is the introduction and discusses the intention of this report. This report is organized into seven chapters. with a significant opportunity to respond in areas where economic opportunities exist to help mitigate rising energy costs by supplying demand response services into the energy system. currently owns and/or operates ten aluminum smelters and many associated fabricating facilities with a combined average load of over 2,600 MW. In the continental United States, Alcoa Inc. For a typical aluminum smelter, electric power accounts for 30% to 40% of the factory cost of producing primary aluminum. As a global producer of alumina, primary aluminum, and fabricated aluminum products, Alcoa Inc., has the capability to provide demand response services through its manufacturing facilities and uniquely through its aluminum smelting facilities. This can be very effective in mitigating price volatility or scarcity pricing as the power system responds to changing demand schedules, loss of large generators, or loss of transmission. The benefit of demand response is that it reduces overall demand and shifts the entire market to a lower pricing level. ![]() Restructured energy market prices are set by the cost of the next incremental unit of energy, so that as additional generation is brought into the market, the cost for the entire market increases. As the country continues to restructure energy markets with sophisticated marginal cost models that attempt to minimize total energy costs, the ability of demand response to create meaningful shifts in the supply and demand equations is critical to creating a sustainable and balanced economic response to energy issues. These programs reduce overall energy consumption, lower green more » house gas emissions by allowing fossil fuel generators to operate at increased efficiency and reduce stress on the power system during periods of peak loading. Collectively they represent an estimated 37,000 MW of response potential. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) report, 'Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering' (FERC 2006) found that only five percent of customers are on some form of demand response program. Many of these programs have been successful but demand response remains a limited resource. Historic demand response programs have focused on reducing overall electricity consumption (increasing efficiency) and shaving peaks but have not typically been used for immediate reliability response. « lessĭemand response is the largest underutilized reliability resource in North America. Hence, it was decided to terminate the contract without the full- scale demonstration. = 75% of the market originally envisioned for the Alcoa/DOE aggregate would be taken by Plasmal. An extensive bibliography and subject index are included. In many cases the data are summarized in figures and tables. Commercial forms and uses of Alcoa Calcined, Tabular, and Hydrated Aluminas are also described. Alcoa Activated Alumina is discussed separately with emphasis on its structure and its applications in drying, chromatography, catalysis, and oil maintenance. The interesting phase transformations are given particular attention. For each phase the following information is assembled if it is available: occurrence in nature preparation crystal structure and optical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and surface properties. Three major classifications are distinguished: the high temperature forms that are produced in general by calcination over 1200 deg C, the transition forms, and the hydrates. The historical development of the names for the many varieties is traced, and the systems of nomenclature are compared. Literature values for the properties of the aluminas are compiled critically.
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